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- /*
- * Provide an simpler and easier to understand interface to the System V
- * semaphore system calls. There are 7 routines available to the user:
- *
- * id = sem_create(key, initval); # create with initial value or open
- * id = sem_open(key); # open (must already exist)
- * sem_wait(id); # wait = P = down by 1
- * sem_signal(id); # signal = V = up by 1
- * sem_op(id, amount); # wait if (amount < 0)
- * # signal if (amount > 0)
- * sem_close(id); # close
- * sem_rm(id); # remove (delete)
- *
- * We create and use a 3-member set for the requested semaphore.
- * The first member, [0], is the actual semaphore value, and the second
- * member, [1], is a counter used to know when all processes have finished
- * with the semaphore. The counter is initialized to a large number,
- * decremented on every create or open and incremented on every close.
- * This way we can use the "adjust" feature provided by System V so that
- * any process that exit's without calling sem_close() is accounted
- * for. It doesn't help us if the last process does this (as we have
- * no way of getting control to remove the semaphore) but it will
- * work if any process other than the last does an exit (intentional
- * or unintentional).
- * The third member, [2], of the semaphore set is used as a lock variable
- * to avoid any race conditions in the sem_create() and sem_close()
- * functions.
- */
-
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/ipc.h>
- #include <sys/sem.h>
-
- #include <errno.h>
- extern int errno;
-
- #define BIGCOUNT 10000 /* initial value of process counter */
-
- /*
- * Define the semaphore operation arrays for the semop() calls.
- */
-
- static struct sembuf op_lock[2] = {
- 2, 0, 0, /* wait for [2] (lock) to equal 0 */
- 2, 1, SEM_UNDO /* then increment [2] to 1 - this locks it */
- /* UNDO to release the lock if processes exits
- before explicitly unlocking */
- };
-
- static struct sembuf op_endcreate[2] = {
- 1, -1, SEM_UNDO,/* decrement [1] (proc counter) with undo on exit */
- /* UNDO to adjust proc counter if process exits
- before explicitly calling sem_close() */
- 2, -1, SEM_UNDO /* then decrement [2] (lock) back to 0 */
- };
-
- static struct sembuf op_open[1] = {
- 1, -1, SEM_UNDO /* decrement [1] (proc counter) with undo on exit */
- };
-
- static struct sembuf op_close[3] = {
- 2, 0, 0, /* wait for [2] (lock) to equal 0 */
- 2, 1, SEM_UNDO, /* then increment [2] to 1 - this locks it */
- 1, 1, SEM_UNDO /* then increment [1] (proc counter) */
- };
-
- static struct sembuf op_unlock[1] = {
- 2, -1, SEM_UNDO /* decrement [2] (lock) back to 0 */
- };
-
- static struct sembuf op_op[1] = {
- 0, 99, SEM_UNDO /* decrement or increment [0] with undo on exit */
- /* the 99 is set to the actual amount to add
- or subtract (positive or negative) */
- };
-
- /****************************************************************************
- * Create a semaphore with a specified initial value.
- * If the semaphore already exists, we don't initialize it (of course).
- * We return the semaphore ID if all OK, else -1.
- */
-
- int
- sem_create(key, initval)
- key_t key;
- int initval; /* used if we create the semaphore */
- {
- register int id, semval;
- union semun {
- int val;
- struct semid_ds *buf;
- ushort *array;
- } semctl_arg;
-
- if (key == IPC_PRIVATE)
- return(-1); /* not intended for private semaphores */
-
- else if (key == (key_t) -1)
- return(-1); /* probably an ftok() error by caller */
-
- again:
- if ( (id = semget(key, 3, 0666 | IPC_CREAT)) < 0)
- return(-1); /* permission problem or tables full */
-
- /*
- * When the semaphore is created, we know that the value of all
- * 3 members is 0.
- * Get a lock on the semaphore by waiting for [2] to equal 0,
- * then increment it.
- *
- * There is a race condition here. There is a possibility that
- * between the semget() above and the semop() below, another
- * process can call our sem_close() function which can remove
- * the semaphore if that process is the last one using it.
- * Therefore, we handle the error condition of an invalid
- * semaphore ID specially below, and if it does happen, we just
- * go back and create it again.
- */
-
- if (semop(id, &op_lock[0], 2) < 0) {
- if (errno == EINVAL)
- goto again;
- err_sys("can't lock");
- }
-
- /*
- * Get the value of the process counter. If it equals 0,
- * then no one has initialized the semaphore yet.
- */
-
- if ( (semval = semctl(id, 1, GETVAL, 0)) < 0)
- err_sys("can't GETVAL");
-
- if (semval == 0) {
- /*
- * We could initialize by doing a SETALL, but that
- * would clear the adjust value that we set when we
- * locked the semaphore above. Instead, we'll do 2
- * system calls to initialize [0] and [1].
- */
-
- semctl_arg.val = initval;
- if (semctl(id, 0, SETVAL, semctl_arg) < 0)
- err_sys("can SETVAL[0]");
-
- semctl_arg.val = BIGCOUNT;
- if (semctl(id, 1, SETVAL, semctl_arg) < 0)
- err_sys("can SETVAL[1]");
- }
-
- /*
- * Decrement the process counter and then release the lock.
- */
-
- if (semop(id, &op_endcreate[0], 2) < 0)
- err_sys("can't end create");
-
- return(id);
- }
-
- /****************************************************************************
- * Open a semaphore that must already exist.
- * This function should be used, instead of sem_create(), if the caller
- * knows that the semaphore must already exist. For example a client
- * from a client-server pair would use this, if its the server's
- * responsibility to create the semaphore.
- * We return the semaphore ID if all OK, else -1.
- */
-
- int
- sem_open(key)
- key_t key;
- {
- register int id;
-
- if (key == IPC_PRIVATE)
- return(-1); /* not intended for private semaphores */
-
- else if (key == (key_t) -1)
- return(-1); /* probably an ftok() error by caller */
-
- if ( (id = semget(key, 3, 0)) < 0)
- return(-1); /* doesn't exist, or tables full */
-
- /*
- * Decrement the process counter. We don't need a lock
- * to do this.
- */
-
- if (semop(id, &op_open[0], 1) < 0)
- err_sys("can't open");
-
- return(id);
- }
-
- /****************************************************************************
- * Remove a semaphore.
- * This call is intended to be called by a server, for example,
- * when it is being shut down, as we do an IPC_RMID on the semaphore,
- * regardless whether other processes may be using it or not.
- * Most other processes should use sem_close() below.
- */
-
- sem_rm(id)
- int id;
- {
- if (semctl(id, 0, IPC_RMID, 0) < 0)
- err_sys("can't IPC_RMID");
- }
-
- /****************************************************************************
- * Close a semaphore.
- * Unlike the remove function above, this function is for a process
- * to call before it exits, when it is done with the semaphore.
- * We "decrement" the counter of processes using the semaphore, and
- * if this was the last one, we can remove the semaphore.
- */
-
- sem_close(id)
- int id;
- {
- register int semval;
-
- /*
- * The following semop() first gets a lock on the semaphore,
- * then increments [1] - the process counter.
- */
-
- if (semop(id, &op_close[0], 3) < 0)
- err_sys("can't semop");
-
- /*
- * Now that we have a lock, read the value of the process
- * counter to see if this is the last reference to the
- * semaphore.
- * There is a race condition here - see the comments in
- * sem_create().
- */
-
- if ( (semval = semctl(id, 1, GETVAL, 0)) < 0)
- err_sys("can't GETVAL");
-
- if (semval > BIGCOUNT)
- err_dump("sem[1] > BIGCOUNT");
- else if (semval == BIGCOUNT)
- sem_rm(id);
- else
- if (semop(id, &op_unlock[0], 1) < 0)
- err_sys("can't unlock"); /* unlock */
- }
-
- /****************************************************************************
- * Wait until a semaphore's value is greater than 0, then decrement
- * it by 1 and return.
- * Dijkstra's P operation. Tanenbaum's DOWN operation.
- */
-
- sem_wait(id)
- int id;
- {
- sem_op(id, -1);
- }
-
- /****************************************************************************
- * Increment a semaphore by 1.
- * Dijkstra's V operation. Tanenbaum's UP operation.
- */
-
- sem_signal(id)
- int id;
- {
- sem_op(id, 1);
- }
-
- /****************************************************************************
- * General semaphore operation. Increment or decrement by a user-specified
- * amount (positive or negative; amount can't be zero).
- */
-
- sem_op(id, value)
- int id;
- int value;
- {
- if ( (op_op[0].sem_op = value) == 0)
- err_sys("can't have value == 0");
-
- if (semop(id, &op_op[0], 1) < 0)
- err_sys("sem_op error");
- }
-